# PT-141 References: The Bremelanotide Studies and Label

> PT-141 references — the bremelanotide trials, mechanism studies, FDA label, and recent literature cited across this site, with DOIs, PMIDs, and links.

The full source list behind the PT-141 (bremelanotide) digest — mechanism studies, the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the FDA label, and the recent literature, with DOIs and PMIDs.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative clinical claim on this site maps to a numbered source below — mechanism pharmacology, the Phase 3 RECONNECT trials, the FDA prescribing information, the pharmacokinetic studies, and the 2024–2025 literature. The field reports on the [PT-141 side effects](/side-effects) page are explicitly unverified community accounts and carry no citation by design; only the cited clinical sections draw on this list. DOIs and PubMed/PMID links are included where available.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[7] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, Willett MS, Molinoff PB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(1):51-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14963471/
[8] Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, DeRogatis LR, Kroll R, Goldstein I, et al. Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial. Womens Health (Lond). 2016;12(3):325-337. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe-2016-0018
[9] Althof S, Derogatis LR, Greenberg S, Clayton AH, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C. Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide. J Sex Med. 2019;16(8):1226-1235. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277966/
[10] White WB, Myers MG, Jordan R, Lucas J. Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide. J Hypertens. 2017;35(4):761-768. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27977473/
[11] Clayton AH, Lucas J, DeRogatis LR, Jordan R. Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants. Clin Ther. 2017;39(3):514-526.e14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28189361/
[12] Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36242769/
[13] Koochaki P, Revicki D, Wilson H, Pokrzywinski R, Jordan R, Lucas J, Williams LA. The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(4):587-595. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538638/
[14] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[15] How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39846877/

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The PT-141 (bremelanotide) record drawn as a comic page printed at midnight — the one approved use, the modest desire effect, and the nausea-led tolerability cost inked loud and cited panel by panel, with the unverified field reports kept in their own yellow speech bubble; no clinic behind the page and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.